Conclusions: the 2003 rulings in both France and the United States provide the legal impetus needed for affirmative action programs to continue.

结论：2003年法美两国的有关裁决都为提携行动项目的继续实施提供了法律上的推动力。

youdao

However, none of the court decisions or programs on either side of the Atlantic makes any real attempt to address the larger racial issues that created the need for affirmative action from the start.

但是，在大西洋两岸没有任何一个法院裁决或者提携行动项目作出了任何真正的努力去处理在一开始造成需要提携行动的种族问题这个更大的问题。

youdao

Racial identification can stem from other sources, such as heightened ethnic pride or the opportunity to benefit from affirmative action and other programs.

种族身份的认定也取决于其他原因，如民族自豪感增强，或可从肯定性行动计划或其他项目中获益。

youdao

Efforts to promote ethnic minorities, known as affirmative-action programs in the United States, are taboo in France.

VOA: standard.2010.02.02

Kemp also said that although in theory he's against race-based quotas, he is against Rep. Charles Canady's (R-Fla.) proposed bill to end affirmative action programs.

CNN: AllPolitics - Kemp And 2000

More generally, affirmative action programs can be seen as a way of reducing the social distance between governing institutions and minority communities that tend to be under-represented in government.

FORBES: Social Distance and the Patent System

"First of all, if they say that, they just weren't paying attention, " he said, referring to his opposition to Proposition 209, the successful California ballot initiative that ended affirmative action programs.

CNN: AllPolitics - Clinton: Can U.S. Become A 'Truly Multiracial Democracy'?